Cephalopods, particularly squids, are known to play an important role in Southern Ocean (SO). There are eighteen squids’ species in the SO and it is expected that more waits to…
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and salps (such as Salpa thompsoni) are two main grazers in the Southern Ocean. As any other species, the distribution of these two species is profoundly…
Wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans), with a wingspan of 3.2 meters, they can travel thousands of kilometres in open ocean, foraging on one of the most demanding marine environments of the…
Climate change will alter marine ecosystems. However, the complexity of the food webs combined with the chronic undersampling, constrains efforts to predict their future and to optimally manage and protect…
Some metals, as iron, zinc, manganese and cobalt, that are present in extreme low concentrations in the oceans, possess important biological functions, acting like vitamins in the Human body. These…
When sea ice forms, eliminates and concentrates particles from the water column, staying retained in the ice until it melts. Small plastics fragments (<5mm of diamenter), known as “microplastics” are…
Permafrost is the soil (including rock, organic matter and water in the soil) that remains at temperatures below 0ºC for periods over 2 years. When it melts, it can cause…
Global warming, one of the most troubling climate change has been associated with several changes in physiology and species distribution. In the Arctic, the increase of the average annual temperature…
Usually when a whale dies it sinks into the ocean - an event called whale-fall. When it reaches the deep ocean - a very unproductive area - it provides an ephemeral habitat [1]…
Antarctica is one of the most extreme terrestrial environments both at the physical and chemical levels. However, their soils have a great diversity, some richer in nutrients, usually located at…